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(Created page with '{{otheruses}} {{Scandinavia|picwidth=200|width=250}} '''Scandinavia'''<ref>Danish and Swedish: ''Skandinavien'', [[Norwegian language|No...')
 
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'''Scandinavia''' is a region in northern [[Europe]] that includes, and is named after, the Scandinavian Peninsula. It consists of the kingdoms of [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], and Denmark. Though Finland, Iceland and Greenland are often included as well due to their Scandinavian culture, history, language and ethnicity.
   
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==Magical Games and Sports==
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'''Scandinavia'''<ref>[[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Skandinavien'', [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Faroese language|Faroese]] and [[Finnish language|Finnish]]: ''Skandinavia'', {{lang-is|Skandinavía}}, [[Sami languages|Sami]]: ''Skadesi-suolu / Skađsuâl''.</ref> is a historical and geographical [[subregion|region]] in [[northern Europe]] that includes, and is named after, the [[Scandinavian Peninsula]]. It consists of the kingdoms of [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], and [[Denmark]];<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
  
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*The [[Nordic National Quidditch team]] is a [[Quidditch]] team, most likely from Scandinavia.<ref>''[[Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup]]''</ref>
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| encyclopedia = Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia
  
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| title = Scandinavia
  
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| url = http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572025/Scandinavia.html
  
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| accessdate = 2007-01-30
  
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| date = 1997–2007
  
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| publisher = Microsoft Corporation
  
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| quote = Scandinavia (ancient Scandia), name applied collectively to three countries of northern Europe—Norway and Sweden (which together form the Scandinavian Peninsula), and Denmark.
  
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}}</ref> some authorities argue for the inclusion of [[Finland]] and [[Iceland]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066021|year=2007|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2007-01-31|title=Scandinavia|quote=Scandinavia, historically Scandia, part of northern Europe, generally held to consist of the two countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway and Sweden, with the addition of Denmark. Some authorities argue for the inclusion of Finland ... and of Iceland and the Faroe Islands ....}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/scandinavia|title=Scandinavia|year=2008|encyclopedia=The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=2008-01-09|quote=Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway, Sweden — sometimes also considered to include Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, & Finland.}}</ref>, in Scandinavia the term is, however, used unambiguously for Denmark, Norway and Sweden, which share a mutually intelligible language (a [[dialect continuum]]), ethnic composition and have close cultural and historic bonds, to a degree that [[Scandinavians]] may be considered one people (see [[scandinavism]]).
  
   
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==Appearances==
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Regardless of how the term ''Scandinavia'' is used outside the region, the terms ''[[Nordic countries]]'' and ''Nordic region'' are used officially and unambiguously to identify the nations of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland as well as the Danish territory of the [[Faroe Islands]] and the Finnish territory of [[Åland]] as politically and culturally similar entities.<ref name="Nordic Council">{{cite web|url=http://www.norden.org/web/1-1-fakta/uk/index.asp?lang=6#|title=Facts about the Nordic Region and Nordic Co-operation|publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers & Nordic Council|date=2007-10-01|accessdate=2008-01-09|first=Elvind|last=Saetre|quote=The Nordic countries consist of Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Finland, Åland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.}}</ref><!--Don't need:<ref>United States Government (2005). [http://ori.dhhs.gov/international/cases/nordic.shtml "Nordic Countries Report on Misconduct Activity in the 90's"]. The Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Volume 7, No. 4, September 1999. Retrieved 9 January 2008.</ref>--><!--Dead link:<ref>United Nations Development Program. [http://www.undp.se/article.asp?Article_Id=74&cl=UK UNDP Nordic Office]. Retrieved 9 January 2008.</ref>--><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.bartleby.com/59/15/scandinavia.html|title=Scandinavia|encyclopedia=The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy|edition=Third|year=2002|first=E.D. Jr.|last=Hirsch|coauthors=Joseph F. Kett; James Trefil, Editors|accessdate=2007-01-31|quote=The region in northern Europe containing Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and the peninsulas they occupy. Through cultural, historical, and political associations, Finland and Iceland are often considered part of Scandinavia.}}</ref><ref>"Scandinavia" (2005). ''The New Oxford American Dictionary'', Second Edition. Ed. Erin McKean. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517077-6: "a cultural region consisting of the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and sometimes also of Iceland, Finland, and the Faroe Islands".</ref><ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/sc/Scandinv.html Scandinavia] (2001). ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. Retrieved January 31, 2007: "Scandinavia, region of N Europe. It consists of the kingdoms of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark; Finland and Iceland are usually considered part of Scandinavia."</ref>
  
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*''[[Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup]]''
   
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==External links==
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== Terminology and usage ==
  
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*{{Wikilink|Scandinavia}}
   
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==Notes and references==
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"Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question, as well as interpretation by outsiders who attempt to give the term their own meaning. The term is, therefore, often defined according to the conventions of the cultures that lay claim to the term in their own usage.<ref name="olwig">Olwig, Kenneth R. "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage—Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony". ''International Journal of Heritage Studies'', Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 3–7.</ref> The clearest example of the use of the term "Scandinavia" as a political and cultural construct is the unique position of Finland, based largely on incursions into that country and occupation of it by Sweden, thus to much of the world properly associating Finland with all of Scandinavia. But the creation of a Finnish identity is unique in the region in that it was forged in the decolonization struggles against two different imperial models, the Swedish<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/finland/9.htm "Finland and the Swedish Empire"]. ''Country Studies''. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 25 November 2006. </ref> and the Russian,<ref name="redescriptions">[http://www.jyu.fi/yhtfil/redescriptions/articles_1997.htm "Introduction: Reflections on Political Thought in Finland."] Editorial. ''Redescriptions, Yearbook of Political Thought and Conceptual History'', 1997, Volume 1, University of Jyväskylä, p. 6-7: "[T]he populist opposition both to Sweden as a former imperial country and especially to Swedish as the language of the narrow Finnish establishment has also been strong, especially in the inter-war years. [...] Finland as a unitary and homogeneous nation-state was constructed [...] in opposition to the imperial models of Sweden and Russia."</ref><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/finland/11.htm "The Rise of Finnish Nationalism"]. ''Country Studies''. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 25 November 2006: "The eighteenth century had witnessed the appearance of [...] a sense of national identity for the Finnish people, [...] an expression of the Finns' growing doubts about Swedish rule [...] The ethnic self-consciousness of Finnish speakers was given a considerable boost by the Russian conquest of Finland in 1809, because ending the connection with Sweden forced Finns to define themselves with respect to the Russians."</ref> as described by the [[University of Jyväskylä]] based editorial board of the Finnish journal ''Yearbook of Political Thought and Conceptual History''<ref>[http://www.jyu.fi/yhtfil/redescriptions/boardeditors.htm Editors and Board], Redescriptions, Yearbook of Political Thought and Conceptual History</ref>:
  
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{{reflist}}
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{{cquote|The construction of a specific Finnish polity is the result of successful [[decolonization]]. The location of Finland is a moving one. It has shifted from being a province in the [[Swedish Empire]] to an autonomous unit in [[Eastern Europe]], then to an independent state in [[Northern Europe]] or Scandinavia. After joining the [[European Union]], Finland has recently been included in [[Western Europe]].<ref name="redescriptions" />}}
  
   
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===Variations in usage===
  
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[[Image:Scandinavia location map definitions.PNG|thumb|250px|Red: the three monarchies that compose Scandinavia according to the strictest definition; Orange: the possible extended usage; Yellow: the maximal extended usage that takes Scandinavia as synonymous to the [[Nordic countries]].]]
  
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Worldwide, casual and unofficial use of the term "Scandinavia" is a common reference to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, but also includes Finland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/8/S0120800.html "Scandinavia"] American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-12-15.</ref><ref>See also EU documents, such as the following {{PDFlink|[http://ec.europa.eu/comm/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/pdf/cohesion3/cohesion3_part1_terr_sv.pdf report in Swedish]|1.67&nbsp;MB<!-- application/pdf, 1755726 bytes -->}}, {{PDFlink|[http://ec.europa.eu/comm/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/pdf/cohesion3/cohesion3_part1_terr_da.pdf report in Danish]|1.70&nbsp;MB<!-- application/pdf, 1790211 bytes -->}} and [http://europa.eu/bulletin/de/9710/p102061.htm bulletin in German].</ref> While the former occupancy of Finland and shifting rule of Norway may have made this usage efficient, if not convenient – even after Norway and Finland resumed their national independence – this usage appears to be no more grounded in respect for the nations themselves than the term "Orient" is as a reference to various nations in the Eastern Hemisphere or "Indian" is as a reference for various tribal nations in the Americas. The larger region that some English-speaking nations refer to as "Scandinavia" is officially known by the actual countries concerned as Norden, or the Nordic Countries,<ref name="Nordic Council" /> a political entity as well as cultural region where the ties between the countries are not merely historical and cultural, but based on official membership in the [[Nordic Council]]. Some [[American-English]] dictionaries, such as Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, do not include the names "Nordic Countries" or "Nordic Council". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary instead defines Nordic as an adjective dated to 1898 with the meaning "of or relating to the [[Germanic peoples]] of [[northern Europe]] and especially of Scandinavia."<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/nordic "Nordic"]. In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 9 January 2008.</ref>
  
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The use of the name Scandinavia as a convenient general term for the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden is also fairly recent; according to some historians, it was adopted and introduced in the 18th century, at a time when the ideas about a common heritage started to appear and develop into early literary and linguistic [[Scandinavism]].<ref name="Ostergard">Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". ''The Cultural Construction of Norden''. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25-71. Also published online at [http://diis.dk/sw13149.asp Danish Institute for International Studies]. For the history of cultural Scandinavism, see Oresundstid's articles [http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-02-tekst.htm The Literary Scandinavism] and [http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-01-tekst.htm The Roots of Scandinavism]. Retrieved 19 January 2007.</ref> Before this time, the term ''Scandinavia'' was familiar mainly to classical scholars through [[Pliny the Elder]]'s writings, and was used vaguely for Scania and the southern region of the peninsula.<ref name="Ostergard" />
 
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As a political term, "Scandinavia" was first used by students agitating for Pan-Scandinavianism in the 1830s.<ref name="Ostergard" /> The popular usage of the term in Sweden, Denmark and Norway as a unifying concept became established in the 19th century through poems such [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s "I am a Scandinavian" of 1839. After a visit to Sweden, Andersen became a supporter of early political Scandinavism and in a letter describing the poem to a friend, he wrote: "All at once I understood how related the Swedes, the Danes and the Norwegians are, and with this feeling I wrote the poem immediately after my return: 'We are one people, we are called Scandinavians!'".<ref> [http://www.kb.dk/elib/noder/hcamusik/skandinav/index_en.htm Hans Christian Andersen and Music - I am a Scandinavian]. The Royal Library of Denmark, the National Library and Copenhagen University Library. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</ref> The historic popular usage is also reflected in the name chosen for the shared, multi-national airline, [[Scandinavian Airlines System]], a carrier originally owned jointly by the governments of the three countries, along with private investors.
  
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===Cultural and tourism promotional organizations===
  
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Various promotional agencies of the Nordic countries in the [[United States]] (such as [[The American-Scandinavian Foundation]], established in 1910 by the [[Danish-American]] industrialist [[Niels Poulsen]]) serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region. Today, the five Nordic Heads of State act as the organization's patrons and according to the official statement by the organization, its mission is "to promote the Nordic region as a whole while increasing the visibility of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in New York City and the United States."<ref>[http://www.amscan.org/about.html About The American-Scandinavian Foundation]. Official site. Retrieved 2 February 2007.</ref> The official tourist boards of Scandinavia sometimes cooperate under one umbrella, such as the [[Scandinavian Tourist Board]].<ref>[http://www.visitscandinavia.or.jp/en/scandinavia/general_information.aspx Scandinavian Tourist Board]. Official site.</ref> The cooperation was introduced for the Asian market in 1986, when the Swedish national tourist board joined the Danish national tourist board to coordinate international promotions of the two countries. Norway entered one year later. All five Nordic countries participate in the joint promotional efforts in the United States through the [[Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America]].<ref>[http://www.goscandinavia.com/ The Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America]. Official Website. Retrieved 2 February 2007.</ref>
  
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==Use of ''Nordic Countries'' vs. ''Scandinavia''==
  
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{{main|Nordic countries}}
  
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While the term ''Scandinavia'' is most commonly used for Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the term ''the [[Nordic countries]]'' is used unambiguously for Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland, including their associated territories (Greenland, the Faroes, and Åland).<ref name="Nordic Council" /> Scandinavia can thus be considered a subset of the Nordic countries.
  
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In addition to mainland Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Nordic countries consist of:
  
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*[[Finland]] (a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] [[republic]], independent since 1917)
  
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*[[Iceland]] (a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] [[republic]], independent since 1944)
  
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and
  
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*[[Faroe Islands]] (an [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] region of Denmark since 1948)
  
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*[[Greenland]] (a [[self-governance|self-governing]] Danish territory since 1979)
  
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*[[Åland]] (an [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] province of Finland since 1920)
  
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*[[Jan Mayen]] (an integrated geographical body of Norway)
  
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*[[Svalbard]] (under Norwegian [[sovereignty]] since 1920)
 
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[[Estonia]] has applied for membership in the [[Nordic Council]], referring to its cultural heritage and close linguistic links to Finland, although normally Estonia is regarded as one of the [[Baltic countries]]. All Baltic states have shared historical events with the Nordic countries, including Scandinavia, during the centuries.
  
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== Etymology ==
  
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{| align="right"
  
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|[[File:Scandinavia.TMO2003050.jpg|thumb|175px|Satellite photo of the [[Scandinavian Peninsula]], February 2003]]
  
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|[[Image:LateBalticIceLake.jpg|thumb|175px|Late [[Baltic Ice Lake]] around 10,300 years BP, with a channel near Mount [[Billingen]] through what is now central [[Sweden]]. (Political boundaries added).]]
  
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Scandinavia and [[Scania]] (''Skåne'') are considered to have the same etymology. Both terms are thought to be derived from the Germanic root *''Skaðin-awjō'', which appears later in [[Old English]] as ''Scedenig'' and in [[Old Norse]] as ''Skáney''.<ref>Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). ''[http://www.carlaz.com/phd/cea_phd_abstract.pdf Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia]''. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999.</ref> The earliest identified source for the name Scandinavia is [[Pliny the Elder]]'s [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]], dated to the 1st century AD.
  
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Various references to the region can also be found in [[Pytheas]], [[Pomponius Mela]], [[Tacitus]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Procopius]] and [[Jordanes]]. It is believed that the name used by Pliny may be of [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] origin, originally denoting Scania.<ref>Haugen, Einar (1976). ''The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History.'' Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1976.</ref> According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as *''Skaðan-'' meaning "danger" or "damage" (English ''scathing'', German ''Schaden'').<ref name="Helle">Helle, Knut (2003). "Introduction". ''The Cambridge History of Scandinavia.'' Ed. E. I. Kouri et al. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-47299-7.</ref> The second segment of the name has been reconstructed as *''awjo'', meaning "land on the water" or "island". The name Scandinavia would then mean "dangerous island", which is considered to be a reference to the treacherous sandbanks surrounding Scania.<ref name="Helle" /> [[Skanör-Falsterbo|Skanör]] in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (''skan'') combined with -''ör'', which means "sandbanks".
  
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In the reconstructed Germanic root *''Skaðin-awjō'' (the [[edh]] represented in Latin by t or d), the first segment is sometimes considered more uncertain than the second segment. The American Heritage Dictionary<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/81/I0248100.html "Island"]. ''Bartleby'', American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000.</ref> derives the second segment from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*akwa-'', "water", in the sense of "watery land". Gothic ''saiws'', "lake" is one of the Germanic groups which include English ''sea'' and German ''See''.<ref name="IEED">[http://www.indo-european.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=leiden&morpho=0&basename=\data\ie\frisian&first=1271 Old Frisian "se"]. "Comments on Indo-European reconstruction". ''The Indo-European Dictionary'' (IEED). Retrieved 2 October 2007.</ref> However, according to the Indo-European Dictionary (IEED), a research project of the Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at [[Leiden University]], the second segment may not have an Indo-European etymology. The IEED states that [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] evidence has long been recognized for this segment, namely the Finnic ''saivo'' ("'transparent place in the sea'") and the Norwegian-Lappish ''saivvƒ'' ("'(holy) lake, idol'").<ref name="IEED" /> Some scholars have found a parallel between the Uralic evidence and the area's old mythology and belief systems, where the soul of mankind is believed to dwell in water until birth and return there after death.<ref name="IEED" /> IEED lists a Germanic reconstruction that indicates a similar connection to [[metaphysics]], namely ''*saiwa-lō'' ("soul"), appearing as ''saiwala'' in [[Gothic language|Gothic]] and ''sēle'' in [[Old Frisian]].
  
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===Pliny the Elder's descriptions===
  
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Pliny's descriptions of ''Scatinavia'' and surrounding areas are not always easy to decipher, even though his writing of geography was what he considered a "''clarior fama''" ("a clearer story"). Writing in the capacity of a Roman admiral, he introduces the northern region by declaring to his Roman readers that there are 23 islands "''Romanis armis cognitae''" ("known to Roman arms") in this area. According to Pliny, the most "''clarissima''" ("famous") of the region's islands is ''Scatinavia'', of unknown size. There live the [[Hilleviones]]. The belief that Scandinavia was an island became widespread among classical authors during the first century and dominated descriptions of Scandinavia in classical texts during the centuries that followed.
  
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Pliny begins his description of the route to ''Scatinavia'' by referring to the mountain of Saevo (''mons Saevo ibi''), the Codanus Bay (''Codanus sinus'') and the Cimbrian promontory.<ref>Pliny the Elder. ''Naturalis Historia''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138&query=book%3D%235&chunk=book, Book IV, chapter XXXIX]. Ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Online version at Persus. Retrieved 2 October 2007.</ref> The geographical features have been identified in various ways; by some scholars "Saevo" is thought to be the mountainous [[Norway|Norwegian]] coast at the entrance to [[Skagerrak]] and the [[Cimbri]]an peninsula is thought to be [[Skagen]], the north tip of [[Jutland]], [[Denmark]]. As described, Saevo and Scatinavia can also be the same place.
  
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Pliny mentions Scandinavia one more time: in Book VIII he says that the animal called ''achlis'' (given in the accusative, ''achlin'', which is not Latin), was born on the island of Scandinavia.<ref>Pliny the Elder. ''Naturalis Historia''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138&query=book%3D%239 Book VIII, chapter XVII]. Ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Online version at Persus. Retrieved 2 October 2007.</ref> The animal grazes, has a big upper lip and some mythical attributes.
  
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The name "[[Scandia]]", later used as a synonym for Scandinavia, also appears in Pliny's Naturalis Historia, but is used for a group of [[Northern Europe]]an islands which he locates north of [[Britannia]]. "Scandia" thus does not appear to be denoting the island Scadinavia in Pliny's text. The idea that "''Scadinavia''" may have been one of the "''Scandiae''" islands was instead introduced by [[Ptolemy]] (c.90 – c.168 AD), a mathematician, geographer and astrologer of Roman Egypt. He used the name "''Skandia''" for the biggest, most easterly of the three "''Scandiai''" islands, which according to him were all located east of [[Jutland]].<ref name="Helle" />
  
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Neither Pliny's nor Ptolemy's lists of Scandinavian tribes include the [[Suiones]] mentioned by Tacitus. Some early Swedish scholars of the Swedish [[Hyperborean]] school<ref>Lundgreen-Nielsen, Flemming (2002). "Nordic language history and the history of ideas I: Humanism". In ''The Nordic Languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages''. Eds. Oskar Bandle et al., Vol I. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2002. ISBN 3110148765, p. 358: "The term 'hyperborean' has been taken from odes by [[Pindar]] and [[Horace]], literally meaning 'people living north of the north wind ([[Boreas]]). [Olaus Verelius, the founder] perpetuated [[Johannes Magnus]]' viewpoint that human culture began in Sweden with the [[Goths]]; [...] The height of the nationalistic theory of Gothic origins can be found in the work of [[Olof Rudbeck]]".</ref> and of the 19th-century [[romantic nationalism]] period proceeded to synthesize the different versions by inserting references to the Suiones, arguing that they must have been referred to in the original texts and obscured over time by spelling mistakes or various alterations.<ref>Malone,Kemp (1924). "Ptolemy's Skandia". ''The American Journal of Philology'', Vol. 45, No. 4. (1924), pp. 362–370.</ref><ref>Stadius, Peter (2001). [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/ostseekolleg/virtual/online_pdf/paper3.pdf "Southern Perspectives on the North: Legends, Stereotypes, Images and Models"]. BaltSeaNet Working Paper 3, The Baltic Sea Area Studies, Gdansk/Berlin, 2001. Online version retrieved 2 October 2007.</ref>
  
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===Germanic reconstruction===
  
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The Latin names in Pliny's text gave rise to different forms in medieval Germanic texts. In Jordanes' history of the [[Goths]] (AD 551) the form ''[[Scandza]]'' is used for their original home, separated by sea from the land of Europe (chapter 1, 4).<ref>[[Jordanes]] (translated by Charles C. Mierow), [http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS], April 22, 1997</ref><!---According to recently published notes by [[Jūrate Statkutė de Rosales]]{{Verify credibility}}{{Lopsided}}---><!---The arguments for or against various interpretations of Jordanes are better suited for the article about him/or about Getica. the various nationalistic and scholarly discussions about whether Jordanes referred to Lithuania, Sweden, Poland, etc., etc. as the true "home of the Goths" are too involved and wide-ranging to be relevant to this article. One such section (about a Baltic origin theory) has been removed. It is sufficient to state that the name appear in Jordanes, or this debate could easily swamp the article when all sides have their say.---> Where Jordanes meant to locate this quasi-legendary island is still a hotly debated issue, both in scholarly discussions and in the [[nationalistic]] discourse of various European countries.<ref>Hoppenbrouwers, Peter (2005). ''Medieval Peoples Imagined''. Working Paper #3, Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam, ISSN 1871-1693, p. 8: "A second core area was the quasi-legendary 'isle of Scanza', the vague indication of Scandinavia in classical ethnography, and a veritable 'hive of races and a womb of peoples' according to Jordanes' Gothic History. Not only the Goths were considered to have originated there, but also the Dacians/Danes, the Lombards, and the Burgundians – claims that are still subject to debate."</ref><ref>Goffart, Walter (2005), "Jordanes’s Getica and the disputed authenticity of Gothic origins from Scandinavia". ''Speculum''. A Journal of Medieval Studies 80, 379-98</ref>
  
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The form ''Scadinavia'' as the original home of the [[Lombards|Langobards]] appears in [[Paulus Diaconus]]' ''Historia Langobardorum''<ref>[[Paulus Diaconus]], [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost08/PaulusDiaconus/pau_lan1.html Historia Langobardorum], ''BIBLIOTHECA AUGUSTANA''</ref>; in other versions of ''Historia Langobardorum'' appear the forms ''Scadan'', ''Scandanan'', ''Scadanan'' and ''Scatenauge''.<ref>[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/001.php History of the Langobards], ''Northvegr Foundation''</ref> Frankish sources used ''Sconaowe'' and [[Æthelweard (historian)|Aethelweard]], an Anglo-Saxon historian, used ''Scani''.<ref>Björkman,Erik (1973). [http://books.google.com/books?id=wKUMAAAAIAAJ&q=Sconaowe&dq=Sconaowe&lr=&pgis=1 Studien über die Eigennamen im Beowulf]. M. Sändig, ISBN 3500284701, p. 99.</ref><ref name="North">North, Richard (1997). ''Heathen Gods in Old English Literature''. Cambridge University Press: 1997, ISBN 0521551838, p.192.</ref> In [[Beowulf]], the forms ''Scedenige'' and ''Scedeland'' are used, while the [[Alfred the Great|Alfredian]] translation of [[Orosius]] and [[Wulfstan of Hedeby|Wulfstan]]'s travel accounts used the [[Old English]] ''Sconeg''.<ref name="North" />
 
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The first segment in "Scandinavia" is also sometimes attributed to [[Norse mythology]], namely the [[Giantess#Norse mythology|Scandinavian giantess]] [[Skaði]] (Skade).
  
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===Sami etymology===
  
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[[Image:Skigudinne.jpg|thumb|250 px|Hunting ski goddess, or Sami woman hunting on ski, from [[Olaus Magnus]], 1555.]]
  
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The earliest [[Sami languages|Sami]] [[yoik]] texts written down refer to the world as ''Skadesi-suolo'' (north-Sami) and ''Skađsuâl'' (east-Sami), meaning "[[Skaði]]'s island" (Svennung 1963). Svennung considers the Sami name to have been introduced as a [[loan word]] from the [[North Germanic languages]];<ref name="Svennung">Svennung, J. (1963). ''Scandinavia und Scandia.'' Lateinisch-nordische Namenstudien. Almqvist & Wiksell/Harrassowitz, 1963, pp. 54–56.</ref> "[[Skaði]]" is the [[Giant (mythology)|giant]] stepmother of [[Freyr]] and [[Freyja]] in [[Norse mythology]]. It has been suggested that Skaði to some extent is modeled on a Sami woman. The name for Skade's father [[Thjazi]] is known in Sami as ''Čáhci'', "the waterman", and her son with Odin, [[Saeming]], can be interpreted as a descendent of ''Saam'' the Sami population (Mundel 2000)<ref name="Mundel">Mundel, E. (2000). "[http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/medieval/saga/pdf/346-mundal.pdf ''Coexistence of Saami and Norse culture – reflected in and interpreted by Old Norse myths'']" ''Coexistence of Saami and Norse culture – reflected in and interpreted by Old Norse myths'' University of Bergen, 11th Saga Conference Sydney 2000</ref>, (Steinsland 1991).<ref>Steinsland, Gro (1991). ''Det hellige bryllup og norrøn kongeideologi. En analyse av hierogami-myten i Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal og Hyndluljóð''. Oslo: Solum, 1991. (In Norwegian).</ref> Older joik texts give evidence of the old Sami belief about living on an island and state that the wolf is known as ''suolu gievra'', meaning "the strong one on the island". The Sami [[place name]] ''Sulliidčielbma'' means "the island's threshold" and ''Suoločielgi'' means "the island's back".
  
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In recent [[substratum|substrate]] studies, Sami linguists have examined the initial cluster sk- in words used in Sami and concluded that sk- is a [[phonotactic]] structure of non-native origin.<ref name="Aikio_2004">Aikio, A. (2004). "[http://www.geocities.com/lappmark/Aikio2004.pdf An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami]". In ''Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 63'', Eds. Irma Hyvärinen / Petri Kallio / Jarmo Korhonen, Helsinki, pp. 5–34 (p. 14: "On the basis of Scandinavian loanwords it can be inferred that both sk- and -ʃ- were adopted in the west during the early separate development of the Saami languages, but never spread to Kola Saami. These areal features thus emerged in a phase when Proto-Saami began to diverge into dialects anticipating the modern Saami languages.")</ref>
  
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===Other etymologies===
  
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Scadin- can be segmented various ways to obtain various Indo-European meanings: scand- or scad-in-, scan- or sca-din, scandin or scadin-. These segmentations have resulted in a number of possible etymologies, such as "climbing island" (*scand-), "island of the [[Scythian]] people", "island of the woodland of *sca-".{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
  
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Another possibility is that all or part of the segments of the name came from the [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Mesolithic]] people inhabiting the region.<ref name="Giorgio" /> Today Scandinavia is a peninsula, but between approximately 10,300 [[Before present|BP]] and 9,500 BP, the southern part of Scandinavia was an island separated from the northern peninsula, with water exiting the [[Baltic Sea]] through the area where [[Stockholm]] is now located.<ref>Uścinowicz, Szymon (2003). [http://www.pgi.gov.pl/pgi_en/index.php?option=news&task=viewarticle&sid=4&Itemid=2 "How the Baltic Sea was changing"]. Marine Geology Branch, Polish Geological Institute, 9 June 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>
 
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Some [[Basque language|Basque]] scholars have presented the idea that the segment ''sk'' that appears in *Ska∂inaujàin is connected to the name for the [[Euzko]] peoples, akin to Basques, that populated [[Paleolithic]] Europe. According to some of these intellectuals, the Scandinavians share some [[genetic marker]]s with the [[Basque people]].<ref name="Giorgio">J. F. del Giorgio (2006). ''The Oldest Europeans: Who Are We? Where Do We Come From? What Made European Women Different?''. A. J. Place, 2006. ISBN 980-6898-00-1.</ref>
 
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The name of the Scandinavian mountain range, ''Skanderna'' in Swedish, was artificially derived from ''Skandinavien'' in the 19th century, in analogy with ''Alperna'' for the Alps. The commonly used names are ''bergen'' or ''fjällen''; both names meaning "the mountains".
  
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== Geography ==
  
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[[Image:Fennoscandia.png|thumb|right|150px|Scandinavia, [[Fennoscandia]], and the [[Kola Peninsula]].]]
 
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{{See also|Geography of Denmark|Geography of Norway|Geography of Sweden}}
  
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The geography of Scandinavia is extremely varied. Notable are the [[List of Norwegian fjords|Norwegian fjords]], the [[Scandinavian Mountains]], the flat, low areas in Denmark, and the [[archipelago]]s of Sweden and Norway. When Finland is included, the moraines (ice age remnants) and lake areas are also notable.
  
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The climate varies from north to south and from west to east; a marine west coast climate ([[Köppen climate classification#Group C: Temperate/Mesothermal climates|Cfb]]) typical of western Europe dominates in Denmark, southernmost part of Sweden and along the west coast of Norway reaching north to 65°N, with [[orographic lift]] giving more than 2000&nbsp;mm/year [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] (<5000&nbsp;mm) in some areas in western Norway. The central part - from [[Oslo]] to [[Stockholm]] - has a [[humid continental climate]] (Dfb), which gradually gives way to [[subarctic climate]] (Dfc) further north and cool marine west coast climate (Cfc) along the northwestern coast. A small area along the northern coast east of the [[North Cape, Norway|North Cape]] has tundra climate (Et) due to lack of summer warmth. The Scandinavian Mountains block the mild and moist air coming from the southwest, thus northern Sweden and [[Finnmarksvidda]] plateau in Norway receive little precipitation and have cold winters. Large areas in the Scandinavian mountains have [[alpine tundra]] climate.
  
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The warmest temperature ever recorded in Scandinavia is 38.0 °C in [[Målilla]] (Sweden).{{Fact|date=May 2008}}<!---Warmest in Sweden or warmest in Scandinavia?---> The coldest temperature ever recorded is −52.6 °C in [[Vuoggatjålme]] (Sweden).{{Fact|date=May 2008}}<!---Coldest in Sweden or coldest in Scandinavia?---> The warmest month on record was July 1901 in Oslo, with a mean (24hr) of 22.7 °C, and the coldest month was February 1985 in Vittangi (Sweden) with a mean of -27.2 °C.<ref>[http://www.smhi.se/cmp/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=7522&a=20978&l=sv Lägsta uppmätta temperatur i Sverige]. SMHI, 4 April 2007.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2008}}
  
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Southwesterly winds further warmed by [[foehn wind]] can give warm temperatures in narrow Norwegian fjords in winter; [[Tafjord]] has recorded 17.9 °C in January and [[Sunndal]] 18.9 °C in February.
  
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== Languages in Scandinavia==
  
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:''Main articles: [[Scandinavian languages]], [[Sami languages]], [[Finnic languages]], [[Scandoromani]]''
  
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There are two language groups that have coexisted on the [[Scandinavian peninsula]] since prehistory - the [[North Germanic languages]] (Scandinavian languages) and the [[Sami languages]].<ref>Sammallahti, Pekka, 1990. "The Sámi Language: Past and Present". In [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf Arctic Languages: An Awakening.] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Paris. ISBN 92-3-102661-5, p. 440: "we do not know of any linguistic groups in the area other than the Uralic and Indo-Europeans (represented by the present Scandinavian languages)."</ref> The majority languages on the peninsula, [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], are today, along with [[Danish language|Danish]], classified as Continental Scandinavian.<ref>Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva (2006). ''The Changing Languages of Europe''. Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0199297347.</ref>
 
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The North Germanic languages of Scandinavia are traditionally divided into an [[East Scandinavian]] branch ([[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]) and a [[West Scandinavian]] branch ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], and [[Faroese]]),<ref>Henriksen, Petter (ed.); ''Aschehoug og Gyldendals Store norske leksikon'', 11 Nar-Pd; Kunnskapsforlaget; Oslo; 1998; ISBN 82-573-0703-3</ref><ref>Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World,'' Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International</ref> but because of changes appearing in the languages since 1600, the East Scandinavian and West Scandinavian branches are now usually reconfigured into Insular Scandinavian (''ö-nordisk''/''ø-nordisk'') featuring ([[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] and [[Faroese language|Faroese]])<ref>Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli and Thórhallur Eythórsson (2004). [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=72768CEEDB6A49E6E7A7224C321A3A45.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=355925 "Variation in subject case marking in Insular Scandinavian"]. Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2005), 28: 223-245 Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 9 November 2007.</ref> and Continental Scandinavian (''Skandinavisk''), comprising Danish, Norwegian and Swedish.<ref>Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva (2006). ''The Changing Languages of Europe''. Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0199297347.</ref> The modern division is based on the degree of mutual comprehensibility between the languages in the two branches.<ref name="Torp">Torp, Arne (2004). [http://www.norden.org/nordenssprak/kap2/2a/09.asp?lang=da Nordiske sprog i fortid og nutid. Sproglighed og sprogforskelle, sprogfamilier og sprogslægtskab]. Moderne nordiske sprog. In ''Nordens sprog - med rødder og fødder''. Nord 2004:010, ISBN 9289310413, Nordic Council of Ministers' Secretariat, Copenhagen 2004. (In Danish).</ref>
  
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Apart from Sami and the languages of minority groups speaking a variant of the majority language of a neighboring state, the following minority languages in Scandinavia are protected under the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]: [[Yiddish]], [[Romani language|Romani Chib, Romanes]] and [[Scandoromani|Romani]].
  
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===Continental Scandinavian languages===
  
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[[Image:Nordiska språk.PNG|<small>Distribution of the [[North Germanic languages]]<br>Blue - Continental Scandinavian languages<br>Green - Insular Scandinavian languages</small>|thumb|right|250px]]
  
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The [[Danish_language#Dialects|dialects of Denmark]], [[Norwegian dialects|Norway]] and [[Swedish dialects|Sweden]] form a [[dialect continuum]] and are mutually intelligible. The populations of the Scandinavian countries can easily understand each other's [[standard language]]s as they appear in print and are heard on radio and television. The reason why Danish, Swedish and the two official written versions of Norwegian (''Nynorsk'' and ''Bokmål'') are traditionally viewed as different languages, rather than dialects of one common language, is that they each are well established standard languages in their respective countries. They are related to, but not mutually intelligible with, the other North Germanic languages, [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] and [[Faroese language|Faroese]], which are descended from [[Old Norse language|Old West Norse]]. Danish, Swedish and Norwegian have, since medieval times, been influenced to varying degrees by [[Middle Low German]] and [[German language|standard German]]. A substantial amount of that influence was a by-product of the economic activity generated by the [[Hanseatic League]].
  
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Norwegians are accustomed to variation, and may perceive Danish and Swedish only as slightly more distant dialects. This is because they have two official written standards, in addition to the habit of strongly holding on to local dialects. The people of [[Stockholm]], Sweden and [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, have the greatest difficulty in understanding other Scandinavian languages.<ref>"Urban misunderstandings". [http://web.archive.org/web/20050213062716/http://www.norden.org/norden_i_veckan/2005/uk/050117.asp Norden This Week - Monday 01.17.2005], Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.</ref> In the [[Faroe Islands]] learning [[Danish language|Danish]] is mandatory. This causes Faroese people to become bilingual in two very distinct North Germanic languages, making it relatively easy for them to understand the other two Mainland Scandinavian languages.<ref>[http://www.norden.org/webb/pressrelease/pressrelease.asp?lang=6&id=1183 Faroese and Norwegians best at understanding Nordic neighbours], ''Nordisk Sprogråd'', Nordic Council, 13 January 2005.</ref>
  
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The Scandinavian languages are (as a language family) entirely unrelated to [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]] and [[Sami languages]] which as [[Finno-Ugric languages]] are distantly related to [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. Due to the close proximity, there is still a great deal of borrowing from the Swedish and Norwegian languages in the Finnish, Estonian and Sami languages.<ref name="Sapmi" /> The long history of linguistic influence of Swedish on Finnish is also due to the fact that Finnish, the language of the majority in Finland, was treated as a minority language while Finland was under the political control of Sweden. Finnish-speakers had to learn Swedish in order to advance to higher positions.<ref>Romaine, Suzanne (1995). ''Bilingualism''. Blackwell Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0631195394, p. 323: "As long as Finland was part of Sweden, Finnish was a minority language both demographically and functionally. Within Greater Sweden, the Finns were a minority and any Finn who wanted to get ahead had to learn Swedish."</ref> Although Iceland was under the political control of Denmark until a much later date (1918), very little influence and borrowing from Danish has occurred in the Icelandic language.<ref>Holmarsdottir, Halla B. (2001). [http://www.springerlink.com/content/v357l4g306w426w1/ Icelandic: A Lesser-Used Language in the Global Community]. International Review of Education, 47:3-4, July, 2001. DOI 10.1023/A:1017918213388.</ref> Icelandic remained the preferred language among the ruling classes in Iceland; Danish was not used for official communications, most of the royal officials were of Icelandic descent and the language of the church and law courts remained Icelandic.<ref>Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur. [http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/3/01-Halfdanarson_1-14.pdf Icelandic Nationalism: A Non-Violent Paradigm?] In ''Nations and Nationalities in Historical Perspective''. Pisa: Edizioni Plus, 2001, p. 3.</ref>
  
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===Sami languages===
  
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[[Image:Sami languages large 2.png|thumb|250px|Historically verified distribution of the [[Sami languages]]: 1. Southern Sami, 2. Ume Sami, 3. Pite Sami, 4. Lule Sami, 5. Northern Sami, 6. Skolt Sami, 7. Inari Sami, 8. Kildin Sami, 9. Ter Sami. Darkened area represents municipalities that recognize Sami as an official language.]]
  
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The [[Sami languages]] are indigenous minority languages in Scandinavia.<ref>Magga, Ole Henrik (2005). "Linguistic Minorities in Scandinavia I: Indigenous Minorities". In ''The Nordic Languages: An international Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages, Volume 2''. Eds. Oskar Bandle and Kurt Braunmuller. Walter de Gruyter, 2005, ISBN 311017149X, p. 2115: "The Sami languages are the true indigenous minority languages in Scandinavia in the sense that the speakers of these languages lived there long before the states were established."</ref> They belong to the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic language family]] and are unrelated to the [[North Germanic]] languages other than by limited grammatical (particularly lexical) characteristics resulting from prolonged contact.<ref name="Sapmi">Inez Svonni Fjällström (2006). [http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1185 "A language with deep roots"].''Sápmi: Language history'', 14 November 2006. Samiskt Informationscentrum Sametinget: "The Scandinavian languages are Northern Germanic languages. [...] Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric language family. Finnish, Estonian, Livonian and Hungarian belong to the same language family and are consequently related to each other."</ref> Sami is divided into two different languages, north Sami, which is linguistically splintered, and south Sami.<ref name="Sapmi" /> Consonant gradation is a feature in both Finnish and northern Sami dialects, but it is not present in south Sami, which is considered to have a different language history. According to the Sami Information Centre of the [[Sami Parliament]] in [[Sweden]], southern Sami originated in an earlier migration from the south into the Scandinavian peninsula.<ref name="Sapmi" />
 
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===Finland and Scandinavia===
  
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In Finland, native Swedish speakers constitute a small, but rather influential, minority. All children are given a course of their second official language at school; for Swedish-speakers, this is Finnish, and for Finnish-speakers, Swedish. The [[ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalist]] [[Fennoman]] movement in Finland began to fight for equal language rights for Finnish-speakers from the Swedish-speaking elite in the 1830s. Its motto, "Swedes we are no longer/not, Russians we will never become, so let us be/become Finns" was popular among Finns. The movement's goal was to promote the equal legal status of the Finnish language in a country where the official language of government was Swedish or Russian, despite the large majority of the population being Finnish-speakers.<ref>See "Introduction: Reflections on Political Thought in Finland", p. 9: "Fennoman cultural nationalism put an emphasis on the education and elevation of the people, and it became the leading force in the university sphere and in the bureaucracy. In the late 19th century Fennoman politics were more exclusively concentrated on the language question, trying to replace Swedish with Finnish."</ref>{{Dubious|Fennoman movement|date=April 2009}} The revival of the language spoken by the majority was symbolized by the creation of the national epos [[Kalevala]] and by a new reverence for the Finno-Ugric folk culture. The Fennomans protested against Finnish participation in the Scandinavian exhibition in Stockholm 1866, arguing that it would "enforce the impression that Finland belonged culturally to the Scandinavian realm" and imply that Finland did not have its own history before 1809 but was "first and foremost a periphery of western civilisation".<ref name="meinander" /> The Fennoman movement met with resistance from the [[Svecoman]] movement and the Swedish elite.<ref>Kolehmainen, John Ilmari (1943). "Antti Jalava and Hungarian-Finnish Rapprochement". ''Slavonic and East European Review''. American Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Nov. 1943), pp. 167–174.</ref> [[Finland Swedish]] author [[Zacharias Topelius]] joined in the criticism of the Fennoman movement in 1872, when a rhetorical question was posed by a peasant member of the Finnish parliament. The peasant parliamentarian referred to the often-mentioned claim that Finland was in debt to Sweden for its western civilization and he asked if anyone could show him the original promissory note of this debt. According to Dr. Henrik Meinander, Professor, Department of History, [[University of Helsinki]], Finland, the rhetorical question was meant to emphasize that "Finns already stood on their own two feet and had bowed enough to the domestic Swedish-speaking elite." In response, Topelius wrote a poem arguing that the entire Finnish society was part of this promissory note.<ref name="meinander">Meinander, Henrik. (2002). "On the Brink or Between? The conception of Europe in Finnish identity". ''The Meaning of Europe''. Ed. Mikael af Malmborg and Bo Stråth. Oxford: Berg, 2002. ISBN 1-85973-576-2</ref> Finland's struggles and success in establishing a unique identity has been followed by scholars and journalists around the world.<ref>See for example: Agrawal, Subhash. [http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=62507 Finland: A Turnaround Success Story], The Financial Express, net edition, Mumbai, India, 1 Jul. 2004.</ref>
  
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The Russian Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]], Grand Duke of Finland, had issued a decree already in 1863 that would secure equal status for Finnish in public affairs within the following two decades, but only in 1902 did Finnish language finally receive an equal official status with Swedish and Russian. In Finland today, the main exceptions to the equality between Finnish and Swedish languages are in the national administration, where the working language usually is Finnish, and the autonomous [[Åland Islands]], which according to the county legislation<ref>[http://www.lagtinget.aland.fi/eng/act.html Act on the Autonomy of Åland]. Published by the Parliament of Åland.</ref> and international treaties are unilingually Swedish-speaking. In most areas of Finland, Finnish is the "lingua franca", which means that Finnish is often necessary where Finnish is the majority language, also in officially bilingual regions (or contexts).
  
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Finnish speakers constitute a [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|language minority]] in Sweden and Norway. There are also [[Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]] languages different from standard Finnish, known as [[Meänkieli]] in Sweden and [[Kven]] in Norway. <!---The linguistic distance between the language families has often been seen by native speakers of each of these languages as indicative of a cultural distance, as well as a reason to consider the native Finnish speakers as a people separate from the ''Scandinavian'' culture group.{{citation needed}}---> <!--Although the idea that languages are cultural identity markers is self-evident and a mainstay, this paragraph needs to be sourced as it speaks explicitly about what native speakers "has often seen" and what they find to be "reason to consider". Unless it is properly sourced, it needs to be deleted.--->
  
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==History==
  
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{{main|History of Scandinavia}}
  
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During a period of [[Christianization]] and state formation in the 10th-13th centuries, three consolidated kingdoms emerged in Scandinavia:
 
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* Denmark, forged from the [[Lands of Denmark]] (including [[Jutland]], [[Zealand (Denmark)|Zealand]] and [[Skåneland|Scania (Skåneland)]] on the Scandinavian Peninsula.<ref>Olrik Fredriksen, Britta (2002). "The History of Old Nordic Manuscripts IV: Old Danish". ''Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages''. Ed. Oskar Brandle et al. Walter De Gruyter Inc: Berlin, 2002. ISBN 3-11-014876-5</ref>. The island [[Gotland]] in modern-day Sweden was initially also part of the Danish realm.)
  
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* Sweden, forged from the [[Lands of Sweden]] on the Scandinavian Peninsula (excluding the provinces [[Bohuslän]], [[Härjedalen]], [[Jämtland]] and [[Älvdalen Municipality|Idre & Särna]], [[Halland]], [[Blekinge]] and [[Scania]] of modern-day Sweden)
 
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* Norway (including [[Bohuslän]], [[Härjedalen]], [[Jämtland]] and [[Älvdalen Municipality|Idre & Särna]] on the Scandinavian Peninsula, and the islands [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]], [[Faroe Islands]], [[Shetland]], [[the Orkneys]], [[Isle of Man]] and the [[Hebrides]].)
  
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In the 1645 [[Treaty of Brömsebro]], Denmark-Norway ceded the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre & Särna, as well as the Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and [[Ösel]] (in Estonia) to Sweden. The [[Treaty of Roskilde]], signed in 1658, forced Denmark-Norway to cede the Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge, Halland, [[Bornholm]] and the Norwegian provinces of [[Båhuslen]] and [[Trøndelag]] to Sweden. The 1660 [[Treaty of Copenhagen]] forced Sweden to return Bornholm and Trøndelag to Denmark-Norway, and to give up its recent claims to the island [[Funen]].<ref>"Treaty of Copenhagen" (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 9, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref>
 
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===Scandinavian unions===
  
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[[Image:Denmark-Norway in 1780.PNG|thumb|250px|right|Denmark-Norway until 1814.]]
  
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The three Scandinavian kingdoms were united in 1397 in the [[Kalmar Union]] by Queen Margrete I of Denmark. Sweden left the union in 1523 under King [[Gustav Vasa]]. In the aftermath of [[Sweden]]'s secession from the Kalmar Union, [[civil war]] broke out in Denmark and Norway. The [[Protestant Reformation]] followed. When things had settled down, the Norwegian [[Privy Council]] was abolished—it assembled for the last time in 1537. A [[personal union]], entered into by the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway in 1536, lasted until 1814. Three sovereign [[successor states]] have subsequently emerged from this unequal union: Denmark, Norway and Iceland.
  
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'''Denmark-Norway''' is the historiographical name for the former political union consisting of the kingdoms of [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], including the Norwegian dependencies of [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]]. The corresponding [[adjective]] and [[demonym]] is [[Dano-Norwegian (disambiguation)|Dano-Norwegian]]. During Danish rule, Norway kept its separate laws, coinage and army, as well as some institutions such as a royal [[chancellor]]. Norway's old royal line had died out with the death of [[Olav IV]],<ref>[http://www.kongehuset.no/dt_kongehuset_allAtOnce.asp?ogid=20&mgid=20&gid=51&aid= The Monarchy: Historical Background]. The Royal House of Norway. Official site, retrieved 9 November 2006.</ref> but Norway's remaining a [[Hereditary Kingdom of Norway|hereditary kingdom]] was an important factor to the [[Oldenburg]] dynasty of Denmark-Norway in its struggles to win elections as kings of Denmark.
  
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The Dano-Norwegian union was formally dissolved at the 1814 [[Treaty of Kiel]]. The territory of Norway proper was ceded to the King of [[Sweden]], but Norway's overseas possessions were kept by Denmark. However, widespread Norwegian resistance to the prospect of a union with Sweden induced the governor of Norway, crown prince Christian Frederick (later [[Christian VIII of Denmark]]), to call a constituent assembly at [[Eidsvoll]] in April 1814. The assembly drew up a liberal constitution and elected him to the throne of Norway. Following a Swedish invasion during the summer, the peace conditions specified that king Christian Frederik had to resign, but Norway was to keep its independence and its constitution within a personal union with Sweden. Christian Frederik formally abdicated on August 10 1814 and returned to Denmark. The parliament [[Storting]] elected king [[Charles XIII]] of Sweden as king of Norway on November 4.
  
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The union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, after which Prince Charles of Denmark was elected king of Norway under the name of [[Haakon VII]].
  
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== Politics: Scandinavism ==
  
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[[Image:skandinavism.jpg|thumb|left|Scandinavia as a 19th century political vision ([[Scandinavism]])]]
  
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{{main|Scandinavism}}
  
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{{also|Politics of Denmark|Politics of Norway|Politics of Sweden}}
  
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The modern usage of the term ''Scandinavia'' has been influenced by [[Scandinavism]] (the Scandinavist political movement), which was active in the middle of the 19th century, mainly between the [[First war of Schleswig]] (1848–1850), in which [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]] contributed with considerable military force, and the [[Second war of Schleswig]] (1864). In 1864, the Swedish parliament denounced the promises of military support made to Denmark by [[Charles XV of Sweden]]. The members of the Swedish parliament were wary of joining an alliance against the rising German power.
  
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The Swedish king also proposed a unification of [[Denmark]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]] into a single united kingdom. The background for the proposal was the tumultuous events during the [[Napoleonic wars]] in the beginning of the century. This war resulted in Finland (formerly the eastern third of Sweden) becoming the [[Russia]]n [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] in 1809 and [[Norway]] (''de jure'' in union with Denmark since 1387, although ''de facto'' treated as a [[province]]) becoming independent in 1814, but thereafter swiftly forced to accept a [[personal union]] with Sweden. The dependent territories [[Iceland]], the [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Greenland]], historically part of Norway, remained with Denmark in accordance with the [[Treaty of Kiel]]. Sweden and Norway were thus united under the Swedish monarch, but [[Finland]]'s inclusion in the [[Russian Empire]] excluded any possibility for a political union between Finland and any of the other Nordic countries.
  
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The end of the Scandinavian political movement came when Denmark was denied the military support promised from [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]] to annex the (Danish) [[Duchy]] of [[Schleswig]], which together with the (German) Duchy of [[Holstein]] had been in [[personal union]] with Denmark. The Second war of Schleswig followed in 1864, a brief but disastrous war between Denmark and [[Prussia]] (supported by [[Austria]]). [[Schleswig-Holstein]] was conquered by Prussia, and after Prussia's success in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] a Prussian-led [[German Empire]] was created, and a new [[Power (international)|power-balance]] of the [[Baltic sea countries]] was established.
  
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Even if a Scandinavian political union never came about at this point, there was a [[Scandinavian Monetary Union]] established in 1873, lasting until [[World War I]], with the [[Swedish krona|Krona]]/[[Krone]] as the common currency.
  
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=== Historical political structure ===
  
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{| class="wikitable"
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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|'''Century'''||colspan=8|'''Scandinavia''' and the Nordic Countries
  
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|-
 
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| width=10% bgcolor=#f6faff align=center | 21st
  
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| width=12% colspan=1 bgcolor=gold align=center|[[Denmark]] ([[European Union|EU]])
  
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| width=12% colspan=1 rowspan=2 bgcolor=#ffc0c0 align=center|''[[Faroes]]''
  
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| width=12% colspan=1 rowspan=2 bgcolor=#fafaff align=center|[[Iceland]]
  
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| width=12% colspan=1 rowspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccff align=center|[[Norway]]
  
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| width=12% colspan=2 bgcolor=gold align=center|[[Sweden]] ([[European Union|EU]])
  
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| width=12% bgcolor=gold align=center |''[[Åland]]'' ([[European Union|EU]])
  
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| width=12% bgcolor=gold align=center|[[Finland]] ([[European Union|EU]])
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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|20th
  
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| bgcolor=#ffc0c0 align=center|[[Denmark]]
  
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| colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffff80 align=center|[[Sweden]]
  
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| bgcolor=#ffffff align=center|''[[Åland]]''
  
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| bgcolor=#ffffff align=center|[[Finland]]
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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| 19th
  
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| colspan=3 bgcolor=#ffc0c0|[[Denmark]]
  
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| colspan=3 bgcolor=#f8fff8|[[Sweden]]/[[Norway]] ([[Union between Sweden and Norway|Union]])
  
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| colspan=2 bgcolor=#ff8080|''[[Grand Duchy of Finland|Grand&nbsp;Duchy&nbsp;of&nbsp;Finland]]'' ([[Russian Empire|Russia]])
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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| 18th
  
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| rowspan=2 colspan=4 bgcolor=#f8fff8|[[Denmark]]/[[Norway]] ([[Denmark–Norway|Union]])
  
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| rowspan=2 colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffff80|[[Sweden]]
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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| 17th
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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| 16th
  
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| rowspan=1 colspan=5 bgcolor=#f8fff8|[[Denmark]]/[[Norway]] ([[Denmark–Norway|Union]])
  
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| rowspan=1 colspan=3 bgcolor=#ffff80|[[Sweden]]
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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| 15th
  
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|colspan=8 bgcolor=#f8fff8|[[Denmark]]/[[Sweden]]/[[Norway]] ([[Kalmar Union|Union]])
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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| 14th
  
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| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#ffc0c0|[[Denmark]]
  
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| colspan=4 rowspan=2 bgcolor=#ccccff|[[Norway]]
  
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| rowspan=3 colspan=3 bgcolor=#ffff80|[[Sweden]]
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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| 13th
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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| 12th
  
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| bgcolor=#fafaff|[[Faroes]]
  
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| bgcolor=#fafaff|[[Icelandic Commonwealth|Icelandic&nbsp;CW]]
  
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| bgcolor=#ccccff|[[Norway]]
  
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| bgcolor=#fafaff|[[Jämtland]]
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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|Peoples||[[Danish people|Danes]]||[[Faroese]]¹||[[Icelanders]]¹||[[Norwegians]]||[[Jämtland|Jamts]]²||colspan=2|[[Swedish people|Swedes]]||[[Finns]]
  
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|- bgcolor=#f6faff align=center
  
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|Minorities
  
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|[[German people|Germans]]||colspan=2|[[Celt]]s/[[Picts]]||[[Sami people|Sami]]||[[Sami people|Sami]]||[[Finns]]/[[Sami people|Sami]]||[[Finns]]||[[Swedish people|Swedes]]/[[Sami people|Sami]]
  
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|}
  
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<small>1/ The original settlers of the [[Faroes]] and [[Iceland]] were of Nordic (mainly Norwegian) origin, with a considerable element of [[Celt]]ic or [[Picts|Pictish]] origin (from [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]]).
  
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2/ The settlers of [[Jämtland]] are of Norwegian—more specifically [[Trøndelag|Trøndish]]—origin and their ancestors founded their own state similar to the Icelandic one governed by the [[Jamtamót]] assembly of free men.</small>
  
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==See also==
  
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* [[Baltic region]]
  
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* [[Nordic Council]]
  
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* [[Nordic countries]]
  
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* [[Nordic Cross Flag]]
  
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* [[Northern Europe]]
  
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* [[Scandinavian British]]
  
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* [[Scandinavian colonialism]]
  
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* [[Scandza]]
  
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* [[Thule]]
  
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== Footnotes ==
  
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{{reflist|2}}
  
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== External links ==
  
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{{Commonscat|Scandinavia}}
  
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<!---*[http://www.julebyen. com/ Christmas im Scandinavia] - Official Website of the Lillehammer Tourist Board in Norway---><!---this is a local tourist board website and not about Scandinavia in general, but about Lillehammer. It needs to be moved to the Norway or Lillehammer article. If all the cities in Scandinavia link their Christmas sites in this article, we'll have a virtual link farm here--->
  
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.goscandinavia.com|title=Scandinavia: Official Website of the Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America|publisher=Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America, Globescope Internet Services, Inc.|year=2005|format=html|accessdate=2008-09-05}}
  
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*[http://www.norden.org/start/start.asp?lang=6 Nordic Council] - Official site for co-operation in the Nordic region
 
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*[http://www.nordregio.se/ Nordregio] - Site established by the Nordic Council of Ministers
  
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*[http://www.scandinaviahouse.org/ Scandinavia House] - The Nordic Center in New York, run by the [http://www.amscan.org/ American-Scandinavian Foundation]
  
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*[http://www.scandinavianews.com/ Scandinavia News] - Scandinavia news and analysis of current events
  
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*[http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/scandinavia/ Historical atlas of Scandinavia] - Personal web site of Örjan Martinsson
  
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*[http://downloads.raileurope.com/map_europe/scandinavia.html ReRailEurope] - A Railway map of Scandinavia (flash file)
  
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[[Category:Scandinavia| ]]
  
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[[af:Skandinawië]]
  
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[[als:Skandinavien]]
  
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[[ar:إسكندنافيا]]
  
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[[an:Escandinabia]]
  
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[[frp:Scandinavie]]
  
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[[az:Skandinaviya]]
  
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[[bn:স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়া]]
  
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[[zh-min-nan:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[be:Скандынавія]]
  
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[[bar:Skandinavien]]
  
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[[bs:Skandinavija]]
  
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[[br:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[bg:Скандинавия]]
  
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[[ca:Escandinàvia]]
  
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[[cs:Skandinávie]]
  
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[[cy:Llychlyn]]
  
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[[da:Skandinavien]]
  
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[[de:Skandinavien]]
  
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[[et:Skandinaavia]]
  
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[[el:Σκανδιναβία]]
  
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[[es:Escandinavia]]
  
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[[eo:Skandinavio]]
  
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[[eu:Eskandinavia]]
  
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[[fa:اسکاندیناوی]]
  
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[[fo:Skandinavia]]
  
 
[[fr:Scandinavie]]
  
[[fr:Scandinavie]]
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[[fy:Skandinaavje]]
  
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[[fur:Scandinavie]]
  
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[[ga:Críoch Lochlann]]
  
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[[gv:Loghlin]]
  
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[[gd:Lochlainn]]
  
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[[gl:Escandinavia]]
  
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[[ko:스칸디나비아]]
  
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[[hr:Skandinavija]]
  
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[[io:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[id:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[ia:Scandinavia]]
  
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[[is:Skandinavía]]
  
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[[it:Scandinavia]]
  
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[[he:סקנדינביה]]
  
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[[jv:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[ka:სკანდინავია]]
  
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[[sw:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[la:Scandinavia]]
  
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[[lv:Skandināvija]]
  
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[[lb:Skandinavien]]
  
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[[lt:Skandinavija]]
  
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[[jbo:bertu'a]]
  
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[[lmo:Scandinavia]]
  
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[[hu:Skandinávia]]
  
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[[mk:Скандинавија]]
  
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[[mr:स्कँडिनेव्हिया]]
  
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[[ms:Scandinavia]]
  
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[[nl:Scandinavië]]
  
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[[nds-nl:Scandinavië]]
  
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[[ja:スカンディナヴィア]]
  
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[[no:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[nn:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[oc:Escandinàvia]]
  
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[[pap:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[nds:Skandinavien]]
  
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[[pl:Skandynawia]]
  
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[[pt:Escandinávia]]
  
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[[ro:Scandinavia]]
  
 
[[ru:Скандинавия]]
  
[[ru:Скандинавия]]
  +
[[Category:Scandinavia| ]]
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[[sq:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[scn:Scandinavia]]
  
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[[simple:Scandinavia]]
  
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[[sk:Škandinávia]]
  
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[[sl:Skandinavija]]
  
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[[sr:Скандинавија]]
  
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[[sh:Skandinavija]]
  
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[[fi:Skandinavia]]
  
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[[sv:Skandinavien]]
  
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[[th:สแกนดิเนเวีย]]
  
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[[tr:İskandinavya]]
  
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[[uk:Скандинавія]]
  
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[[vi:Scandinavia]]
  
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[[zh:斯堪的纳维亚]]
  

Revision as of 21:04, 23 May 2015

Mirror of Erised "Is this all real? Or has this been happening inside my head?"

The topic of this article is of a real-life subject that has been mentioned "in-universe" in a canon source. The Harry Potter Wiki is written from the perspective that all information presented in canon is true (e.g., Hogwarts really existed), and, as such, details contained in this article may differ from real world facts.

Scandinavia is a region in northern Europe that includes, and is named after, the Scandinavian Peninsula. It consists of the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Though Finland, Iceland and Greenland are often included as well due to their Scandinavian culture, history, language and ethnicity.

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  1. ↑ Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup
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